LT also sought to abandon routes which made a significant financial loss. The renamed "Metropolitan Line" terminus was moved to Aylesbury. The outbreak of World War II delayed all the expansion schemes. From mid, the Blitz led to the use of many Underground stations as shelters during air raids and overnight.
The authorities initially tried to discourage and prevent this, but later supplied bunks, latrines, and catering facilities. Later in the war, eight London deep-level shelters were constructed under stations, ostensibly to be used as shelters each deep-level shelter could hold 8, people though plans were in place to convert them for a new express line parallel to the Northern line after the war. After the war one of the last acts of the LPTB was to give the go-ahead for the completion of the postponed Central Line extensions.
The western extension to West Ruislip was completed in , and the eastern extension to Epping in ; the single-line branch from Epping to Ongar was taken over and electrified in On 1 January London Transport was nationalised by the incumbent Labour government, together with the four remaining main line railway companies, and incorporated into the operations of the British Transport Commission BTC.
This brought the Underground under the remit of central government for the first time in its history. The implementation of nationalised railways was a move of necessity as well as ideology. The main line railways had struggled to cope with a war economy in the First World War and by the end of World War Two the four remaining companies were on the verge of bankruptcy. Nationalisation was the easiest way to save the railways in the short term and provide money to fix war time damage.
However the BTC prioritised the reconstruction of its main line railways over the maintenance of the Underground network. The unfinished parts of the New Works Programme were gradually shelved or postponed. However the BTC did authorise the completion of the electrification of the network, seeking to replace steam locomotives on the parts of the system where they still operated. This phase of the programme was completed when the Metropolitan Line was electrified to Chesham in Steam locomotives were fully withdrawn from London Underground passenger services on 9 September , when British Railways took over the operations of the Metropolitan line between Amersham and Aylesbury.
The last steam shunting and freight locomotive was withdrawn from service in The first real post-war investment in the network came with the carefully planned Victoria Line, which was built on a diagonal northeast-southwest alignment beneath Central London, incorporating centralised signalling control and automatically driven trains, and opened in stages between and The Piccadilly line was extended to Heathrow Airport in , and the Jubilee line was opened in , taking over part of the Bakerloo line, with new tunnels between Baker Street and Charing Cross.
The government planned to modernise the system whilst slashing its subsidy from taxpayers and ratepayers at the same time. As part of this strategy London Underground Limited was set up in as a wholly owned subsidiary of LRT to run the network. This period saw the introduction of automatic ticketing machines and network-wide Travelcards. In , with the privatisation of British Rail, LRT took control of the Waterloo and City line, incorporating it into the Underground network for the first time.
This year also saw the end of services on the little used Epping-Ongar branch of the Central Line and the Aldwych branch of the Piccadilly Line after it was agreed that necessary maintenance and upgrade work would not be cost effective. This plan included the opening of a completely refurbished interchange station at Westminster. The Jubilee line's old terminal platforms at Charing Cross were closed but maintained operable for emergencies. In January the Underground began operating as a Public-Private Partnership PPP , whereby the infrastructure and rolling stock were maintained by two private companies Metronet and Tube Lines under year contracts, whilst London Underground Limited remained publicly owned and operated by TfL.
There was much controversy over the implementation of the PPP. Supporters of the change claimed that the private sector would eliminate the inefficiencies of public sector enterprises and take on the risks associated with running the network, while opponents said that the need to make profits would reduce the investment and public service aspects of the Underground. There has since been criticism of the performance of the private companies; for example the January edition of The Londoner, a newsletter published periodically by the Greater London Authority, listed Metronet's mistakes of under the headline Metronet guilty of 'inexcusable failures'.
Metronet was placed into administration on 18 July TfL has since taken over Metronet's outstanding commitments. The UK government has made concerted efforts to find another private firm to fill the vacuum left by the liquidation of Metronet.
However so far only TfL has expressed a plausible interest in taking over Metronet's responsibilities. Even though Tube Lines appears to be stable, this has put the long-term future of the PPP scheme in doubt. But under a deal struck with the government in , when the PPP scheme began operating, the companies were protected from any further liability.
The UK taxpayer therefore had to foot the rest of the bill. This undermined the argument that the PPP would place the risks involved in running the network into the hands of the private sector. This connects to the Charing Cross branch only, so passengers for the Bank branch have to change at Kennington.
There are longer term proposals to extend the new line to Clapham Junction, but this most likely won't happen until Crossrail 2 opens, as trains would likely become so full at Clapham Junction that passengers at the other two stations would be unable to board. Unlike the Jubilee Extension, the new stations don't gave platform edge doors, but they have been designed so they can be retrofitted with them.
Transport for London TfL was created in as the integrated body responsible for London's transport system. It replaced London Regional Transport. It assumed control of London Underground Limited in July TfL is part of the Greater London Authority and is constituted as a statutory corporation regulated under local government finance rules. The Mayor also sets the structure and level of public transport fares in London.
However the day-to-day running of the corporation is left to the Commissioner of Transport for London. The current Commissioner is Peter Hendy. The Mayor is responsible for producing an integrated transport strategy for London and for consulting the GLA, TfL, local councils and others on the strategy.
The Mayor is also responsible for setting TfL's budget. The GLA is consulted on the Mayor's transport strategy, and inspects and approves the Mayor's budget. It is able to summon the Mayor and senior staff to account for TfL's performance. London TravelWatch, a body appointed by and reporting to the Assembly, deals with complaints about transport in London. See the Wikipedia page [1]. Author- User: Sameboat. Until there was a twelfth line, the East London Line , but this closed for conversion work and was transferred to the London Overground when it reopened in Prior to its transfer to the London Underground in , the Waterloo and City line was operated by British Rail and its mainline predecessors.
The line fist began appearing on most tube maps, from the mids. Lines on the Underground can be classified into two types: subsurface and deep-level. The subsurface lines were dug by the cut-and-cover method, with the tracks running about 5 m 16 ft 5 in below the surface.
The deep-level or tube lines, bored using a tunnelling shield, run about 20 m 65 ft 7 in below the surface although this varies considerably , with each track in a separate tunnel.
These tunnels can have a diameter as small as 3. Lines of both types usually emerge onto the surface outside the central area. While the tube lines are for the most part self-contained, the subsurface lines are part of an interconnected network: each shares track with at least two other lines. The subsurface arrangement is similar to the New York City Subway, which also runs separate "lines" over shared tracks.
P stock in red with R Stock at Upminster. Photographed by SPSmiler. The Underground uses rolling stock built between and Stock on subsurface lines is identified by a letter such as A Stock, used on the Metropolitan line , while tube stock is identified by the year in which it was designed for example, Stock, used on the Jubilee line. All lines are worked by a single type of stock except the District line, which uses both C and D Stock. Two types of stock are currently being developed — Stock for the Victoria line and S stock for the subsurface lines, with the Metropolitan line A Stock being replaced first.
Rollout of both is expected to begin about In addition to the Electric Multiple Units described above, there is engineering stock, such as ballast trains and brake vans, identified by a letter prefix then a number. The Underground is one of the few networks in the world that uses a four-rail system. The additional rail carries the electrical return that on third-rail and overhead networks is provided by the running rails.
The Deep Tube Programme, is investigating into replacing the trains for the Bakerloo and Piccadilly lines. It is also looking for trains with better energy conservation and regenerative braking. The number of below ground stations will rise from to once new stations are built at Nine Elms, Battersea Park and Watford High Street which is already on the London Overground. The number of overground stations will rise from to with the opening of the Cassiobridge, Watford JCN and Watford Vicarage Road stations along with the closure of the little used current Watford tube station.
North Acton station is in a cutting. Southgate station is in it's own short tunnelled section. Posters may be observed on the Underground network advising that passengers carry a bottle of water to help keep cool.
There are many planned improvements to the London Underground. A new station opened on the Piccadilly line at Heathrow Airport Terminal 5 on 27 March and is the first extension of the London Underground since Each line is being upgraded to improve capacity and reliability, with new computerised signalling, automatic train operation ATO , track replacement and station refurbishment, and, where needed, new rolling stock.
A trial programme for a groundwater cooling system in Victoria station took place in and ; it aimed to determine whether such a system would be feasible and effective if in widespread use. Although not part of London Underground, the Crossrail scheme will provide a new route across central London integrated with the tube network.
The long proposed Chelsea-Hackney line, which is planned to begin operation in , may be part of the London Underground, which would mean it would give the network a new Northeast to South cross London line to provide more interchanges with other lines and relieve overcrowding on other lines. However it is still on the drawing board.
It was first proposed in and has been in planning since then. Therefore, the line may be either part of the London Underground network or the National Rail network. There are advantages and disadvantages for both. The Croxley Rail Link proposal envisages diverting the Metropolitan line Watford branch to Watford Junction station along a disused railway track. The project awaits funding from Hertfordshire County Council and the Department for Transport, and remains at the proposal stage.
The Underground uses TfL's Travelcard zones to calculate fares. Greater London is divided into 6 zones; Zone 1 is the most central, with a boundary just beyond the Circle line, and Zone 6 is the outermost and includes London Heathrow Airport.
Stations on the Metropolitan line outside Greater London are in Zones Watford Junction is outside these zones and special fares apply. Installation Get this app while signed in to your Microsoft account and install on up to ten Windows 10 devices.
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How you found the violation and any other useful information. Submit Cancel. Recommended Your device should meet these requirements for the best experience OS Xbox,Windows 10 version Open in new tab. On the all-new Fairy Tale island, everyone's happy endings have gone awry. Can you save the day? Level up and earn XP on your way to the world championship. Challenge other players online in this epic penalty shootout! Outlast your opponents in the ultimate copter arena.
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